References
References and suggested reading
LB therapy is a classical example for the development
of new therapies in medicine. In the beginning there were basic
researchers working in animal research discovering spinal motor
centers for locomotion in lower vertebrates. Another typical event
is the fact that spinal locomotion in the cat was found 100 years
ago, but no consequences were drawn for the human SCI patient. This
is hard to understand since infant stepping always told us that
also the human spinal cord works with such motor programs. Some
20 - 30 years ago the rules of spinal locomotion were found and
it was clear that proprioceptive key inputs were important to maintain
the flow of correct efferent signals which all melted into one enormous
event: Walking. Among the many researchers who contributed to this
knowledge some names to remember are Grillner, Lundberg, Shik, Hultborn...
However, it took another amazing finding which finally ignatated
the spark for the transfere into therapy for humans: The isolated
spinal cord can learn, found Edgerton in Los Angeles and Rossignol
in Montreal. The first attempts with paraplegics were done independently
in Canada by Barbeau and our group in Germany. It was 1995 that
the first and so far only controlled study involving some 150 SCI
patients appeard in print. Soon LB therapy spread to hemiplegia
and other diseases with motor deficits.
The references below provide original information on these aspects,
additional references can be taken from the quotations. They will
give a good start for those among you who want to go the roots but
also additional practical knowledge.
Barbeau, H. and Blunt, R. (1991) A novel interactive
locomotor approach using body weight support to retrain gate in
spastic paretic subjects. In A. Wernig (Ed.), Plasticity of Motorneuronal
Connections. Restorative Neurology, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 461?474.
Barbeau, H. and Rossignol, S. (1987) Recovery of locomotion
after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res., 412: 844?895.
Dobkin, B.H., Harkema, S.J., Requejo, P.S. and Edgerton,
V.R. (1995) Modulation of locomotor?like EMG activity in subjects
with complete and incomplete spinal cord injury. J. Neurorehab.,
9: 183?190.
Edgerton, V.R., Roy, R. R., Hodgson, J.A., Gregor,
R.J. and de Guzman, C.P. (1991) Recovery of full weight?supporting
locomotion of the hindlimbs after complete thoracic spinalization
of adult and neonatal cats. In A. Wernig (Ed.), Plasticity of Motoneuronal
Connections. Restorative Neurology, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 405-418.
Eidelberg, E., Walden, J.G. and Nguyen, L.H. (1981)
Locomotor control in macaque monkeys. Brain, 104, 647?663.
Gossard, J.P. and Hultborn, H. (1991) On the organization
of spinal rhythm generation in locomotion. In A. Wernig (Ed.), Plasticity
of Motorneuronal Connections. Restorative Neurology, Vol. 5, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 385-404.
Grillner, S. (1981) Control of locomotion in bipeds,
tetrapods, and fish. In J. E. Brookhart, V. B. Mountcastle, V. B.
Brooks and S. R. Geiger (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, Section
1, Vol. 2, Part 2, American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD,
pp. 1127?1236.
Harkema, S.J., Requejo, P.S., Hurley, S.L., Patel,
U.K., Dobkin, B.H. and Edgerton, V.R. (1997) Human lumbosacral spinal
cord interprets loading during stepping. J. Neurophysiol., 77: 797?811.
Harms, J. (1992) Screw?threaded rod system in spinal
fusion surgery. Spine: State of the Art Reviews, 6: 541?575.
Hesse, S.T., Bertelt, C., Schaffrin, A., Malezik,
M. and Mauritz, K.H. (1994) Restoration of gait in nonambulatory
hemiparetic patients by treadmill training with partial body weight
support. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 75: 1087?1093.
Jorgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O. and Olson
T.S.. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: The Copenhagen
stroke study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78, 27-32, 1995.
Kendall, H.O., Kendall, F.P. and Wadsworth, G.E. (1971)
Muscles ? Testing and Function, Williams and Wilkins, Amsterdam.
Kosak MC, Reding MJ (2000). Comparison of partial
body weight-supported treadmill gait training versus aggressive
bracing assisted walking post stroke.. Neurorehabil Neural Repair
2000;14(1):13-19
Lovely, R.G., Gregor, R.J., Roy, R.R. and Edgerton
V.R. (1986) Effects of training on the recovery of full weight?bearing
stepping in the spinal adult cat. Exp. Neurol., 92: 421?435.
Maegele, M., Müller, S., Wernig, A., Edgerton,
R. and Harkema, S. (2002). J Neurotrauma 19, 1217-29,.
Nilsson et al (2001). Walking training of patients
with hemiparesis at an early stage after stroke: a comparison of
walking training on a treadmill with body weight support and walking
training on the ground. Clin Rehabil 2001 Oct;15(5):515-27.
Richards, C. L., Malouin, F., Wood?Dauphinee, S.,
Bouchard, J.P. and Brunet, D. (1993) Task specific physical therapy
for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Arch.
Phys. Med. Rehabil, 74: 612?620.
Visintin, M. and Barbeau, H. (1989) The effects of
body weight support on the locomotor pattern of spastic paretic
patients. Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 16: 315?325.
Wernig, A. and Müller, S. (1991) Improvement
of walking in spinal cord injured persons after treadmill training.
. In A.Wernig (Ed.), Plasticity of Motoneuronal Connections. Restorative
Neurology, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 475-486.
Wernig, A. and Müller, S. (1992) Laufband locomotion
with body weight support improved walking in persons with spinal
cord injuries. Paraplegia, 30: 229?238.
Wernig, A., Müller, S., Nanassy, A. and Cagol
E (1995) Laufband therapy based on "rules of spinal locomotion"
is effective in spinal cord injured persons. Eur. J. Neurosci.,
7: 823?829.
Wernig, A., Nanassy, A. and Müller, S. (1998).
Maintenance of locomotor abilities following Laufband (treadmill)
therapy in para- and tetraplegic persons: follow up studies. Spinal
Cord, 36: 744-749.
Wernig, A., Nanassy, A. and Müller, S. (1999).
Laufband (treadmill) therapy in incomplete paraplegia and tetraplegia.
J.of Neurotrauma, 16: 719-726.
Wernig, A. (2005). Letter to the Editor. Spinal Cord,
in press
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